Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 48 (Suppl. 2), pp. 15–34, 2002

OSMYLIDAE: ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE EARLY ENTOMOLOGICAL LITERATURE AND THE DISCOVERY OF EARLY STAGES AND CLARIFICATION OF THE BIOLOGY (NEUROPTERIDA: NEUROPTERA)

H. Aspöck

Department of Medical Parasitology, Clinical Institute of Hygiene, University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A-1095 Wien, Austria, E-mail: horst.aspoeck@univie.ac.at

This paper gives an account of the early research on those insects now included in the family Osmylidae, with detailed information on first descriptions and illustrations, nomenclature of the first described species and genus, on illustrations until 1820 and on the discovery of early stages and of the biology.

Neuroptera, Osmylidae, history of entomology

Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 48 (Suppl. 2), pp. 35–50, 2002

THE BIOLOGY OF RAPHIDIOPTERA:
A REVIEW OF PRESENT KNOWLEDGE

H. Aspöck

Department of Medical Parasitology, Clinical Institute of Hygiene, University of Vienna Kinderspitalgasse 15, A-1095 Wien, Austria; E-mail: horst.aspoeck@univie.ac.at

Basic information on the systematics and distribution of the order Raphidioptera is provided, followed by details of the biology of snakeflies with respect to habitats, substrates upon which they develop, food of adults, food of larvae, life cycles, prothetely, mating and oviposition, parasites and parasitoids, hyperparasites, possible economic importance, and rearing methods.

Key words: Raphidioptera, biology, systematics, distribution, parasites, parasitoids, rearing methods

Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 48 (Suppl. 2), p. 51, 2002

HOMOLOGY OF MALE GENITAL SCLERITES IN NEUROPTERIDA – AN ADVENTURE<$FUnchanged abstract of the lecture presented by the author. A comprehensive paper entitled "Male genital sclerites of Neuropterida: an attempt at homologisation (Insecta: Holometabola)" will be published in Zool. Anz. 241 (2002): 161–171.>

U. Aspöck

Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Burgring 7, A-1014 Wien, Austria
E-mail:ulrike.aspoeck@nhm-wien.ac.at

Interpretation of male genital sclerites of Neuropterida has always been fraught with ambiguity. Previous controversial approaches may be summarised by the slogan: archaic derivatives versus derived novelties. Arguments for homologizing via a gonocoxite concept are presented here. The primitive machilid (Archaeognatha, Machilidae) structures provide the background for identifiying the amazingly similar male genital sclerites of Raphidioptera. The comparatively complete segment 9 of Raphidioptera consists of tergite, sternite, large gonocoxites, styli and gonapophyses; it serves as a reference model for our understanding of segment 10 and 11 in Raphidioptera and of male genital sclerites in Megaloptera and Neuroptera. The large machilid / raphidiopteran gonocoxites 9 changed to appendage-like sclerites in Megaloptera and Neuroptera, and even shifted into the genital chamber in some neuropteran taxa, or became obliterated. The styli of segment 9 have been lost independently several times. Gonapophyses 9 remained rod-like or evolved substantially in Raphidiidae (hypovalva), but were lost in Megaloptera and in most Neuroptera. Sclerites of segment 10 underwent the most dramatic changes, and obliterations reflected in requirements for copulation: only the tergite remained, but amalgamated with tergite 11, forming the ectoproct. All other sclerites shifted into the genital chamber. Gonocoxites 10 apparently became lost, although their gonapophyses persist as parameres (e.g. in Phaeostigma Navás and Italochrysa Principi). The mediuncus (penis) is interpreted as the fused styli of the otherwise lost gonocoxites. Sclerites of segment 11 are still traceable: the tergite (amalgamated in the ectoproct), and the sternite, possibly as a tiny subanale. The gonarcus is interpreted as the gonocoxites 11, the entoprocessus as the corresponding gonapophyses, and the arcessus as the fused styli of gonocoxites 11. The hypandrium internum, irrespective of its true nature (which still remains doubtful), may indeed be a peculiarity of the Neuropterida – although most likely lacking in Megaloptera.

Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 48 (Suppl. 2), pp. 53–59, 2002

THE GREEN LACEWINGS IN BELGIUM
(NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE)

Bozsik A., Mignon, J. and Ch. Gaspar

Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences
University of Debrecen, Hungary; E-mail: bozsik@helios.date.hu
Zoologie générale et appliquée, Faculté des Sciences agronomiques
de Gembloux, Belgium; E-mail: zoologie@fsagx.ac.be

There are merely three published sources of information on the green lacewings in Belgium. The first two were written by a Belgian and a Catalan author at the beginning of the 20th century and the third was published in 1980. Interestingly, the most recent study reported the fewest species (11), the most previous contained 12 and the second one showed 17 species.
This confused situation and the paucity of data initiated the authors to identify the green lacewing collection of the Gembloux University of Agricultural Sciences, where lacewings from different parts of Belgium were preserved, and also to collect chrysopids regularly.
Summarising the species reported in the literature and caught during sampling, 18 green lacewing species have been verified in Belgium: Nothochrysa fulviceps, Nothochrysa capitata, Hypochrysa elegans, Nineta flava, Nineta vittata, Nineta pallida, Chrysotropia ciliata, Chrysopa perla, Chrysopa dorsalis, Chrysopa abbreviata, Chrysopa formosa, Chrysopa phyllochroma, Chrysopa pallens, Dichochrysa flavifrons, Dichochrysa prasina, Dichochrysa ventralis, Chrysoperla carnea, Cunctochrysa albolineata. Considering the known references, one species, Nineta pallida proved to be new for the Belgian fauna.

Key words: Chrysopidae, Belgium

Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 48 (Suppl. 2), pp. 61–65, 2002

INFLUENCE OF THE DENSITY OF CHRYSOPERLA MEDITERRANEA (HÖLZEL, 1972) (NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE) ADULTS ON ITS LABORATORY REPRODUCTION POTENTIAL

Carvalho, C. F., Canard, M. and C. Alauzet

Depto de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras
C.P. 37, 37200-000 Lavras MG, Brasil; E-mail: cfc@ufla.br
Laboratoire d´Écologie Terrestre/Zoologie, Université Paul-Sabatier
F 31062 Toulouse, Cédex 4, France; E-mail: michel.canard@wanadoo.fr

The reproductive potential of Chrysoperla mediterranea (Hölzel, 1972) was investigated, when adults were subjected to different densities per rearing unit. Couples after emergence were placed into rectangular cages of 450 cm<^>3<^*>, fed enzymatic protein hydrolysate of yeast and kept in a climatic chamber at 20<@177>1 °C, RH 70–80% and 16h-photophase. The treatments were repeated six times utilizing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 couples with a couple/volume ratio of 1/450, 1/225, 1/150, 1/112, 1/90, 1/75 and 1/64 cm<^>3<^*>, respectively. It was observed that the average pre-oviposition period for one couple was 5.8<@177>0.3 days while for the other treatments it was 7–8 days. For the oviposition period no significant differences were found, 100 days being obtained on the average, but for the daily and total oviposition the results showed differences among the treatments with one couple per rearing unit showing the greatest fecundity (520<@177>26.0 eggs/female). By increasing the couple numbers, the total oviposition capacity decreased, becoming more marked from four couples per rearing unit, with only 270.0<@177>103.0 eggs/female when seven couples were utilized (density 1/64 cm<^>3<^*>). Longevity was equally affected by density and for a single couple, it was 138.3<@177>11.2 days for the males and 117.8<@177>12.8 days for the females. In comparison, the reduction was in the order of 50% for both sexes when the density was seven couples per chamber.

green lacewing, Chrysoperla, biology, rearing units

Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 48 (Suppl. 2), pp. 67–73, 2002

NEUROPTERA IN OAK FORESTS IN THE SUBMEDITERRANEAN DISTRICT OF SLOVENIA

D. Devetak

Department of Biology, University of Maribor,
Koro<@154>ka 160, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
E-mail: dusan.devetak@uni-mb.si

In the Submediterranean District of Slovenia, Neuropteran assemblages in two types of oak forests have been investigated. For both forest types, data on plant substrate species are provided. The faunal composition of the two oak forests is compared with the fauna of the garrigue from the southernmost part of Istria. While in both woodland habitats arboreal species dominate, in the garrigue habitat the number of species preferring grassy steppes is much higher.

Neuroptera, Istria, Submediterranean District, oak forests

Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 48 (Suppl. 2), pp. 75–87, 2002

FOREST EDGES ARE BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS
– ALSO FOR NEUROPTERA

Duelli, P., Obrist, M. K. and P. F. Flückiger

Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
E-mail: peter.duelli@wsl.ch
Naturmuseum Olten, Kirchgasse 10, CH-4600 Olten, Switzerland
E-mail: naturmuseum@stadt.olten.ch

In a research project investigating the contribution of forest ecotone structures to regional arthropod biodiversity, the neuropteran fauna was assessed at five differently-structured forest edges and, for comparison, 50 m inside the forest. Arthropods were collected from February to November by means of pitfall traps, window (interception) traps and yellow water pans. The traps were installed along transects, reaching horizontally from the open cultivated land into the forest and vertically, on scaffolds, from the ground up to the tree crowns.
For each of the species of the insect orders Neuroptera (59), Raphidioptera (3) and Mecoptera (2), spatio-temporal distribution patterns from open habitats into the forest can be generated from the available database. Only 3 species (5%) were equally or more numerous inside the forest than at the edges. Of particular interest is the distribution in space and time of three sibling species of the Chrysoperla carnea complex (C. lucasina, C. pallida, C. carnea).
Neuroptera and Raphidioptera showed their highest species numbers in the shrub belt and the forest mantle, while the Mecoptera preferred the herbaceous fringe. Traps located deepest inside the forest yielded the lowest number of species. In the forest interior, species numbers peaked in the canopy. However, the canopy yielded markedly fewer species than the forest edges. Steep forest edges contained 24% more species than the forest interior, sloped, structurally rich forest edges even 60% more.

Neuroptera, Raphidioptera, Mecoptera, biodiversity, forest edge, canopy

Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 48 (Suppl. 2), pp. 89–98, 2002

LIST OF THE NAME-BEARING NEUROPTERIDA TYPES IN THE COLLECTION OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, USA

O. S. Flint, Jr.

Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
E-mail: flint.oliver@nmnh.si.edu

The collection of Neuropterida at the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, is housed in 221 insect drawers and 311 bottles of vials. It is estimated to contain 132 species of Megaloptera, 1192 species of Neuroptera and 33 species of Raphidioptera. The 163 name-bearing types are divided among the Megaloptera (26), Neuroptera (134), and Raphidioptera (3). A list of all the name-bearing types including author, year of publication, country of origin, and current placement is given; it is also noted if it is a lectotype or neotype.

Neuroptera, Megaloptera, Raphidioptera, name-bearing types, Smithsonian Institution

Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 48 (Suppl. 2), pp. 99–120, 2002

ANTLION ASSEMBLAGES (NEUROPTERA: MYRMELEONTIDAE) OF TWO ARID HABITATS IN TUNISIA

R. Güsten

Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt, Zoologische Abteilung
Friedensplatz 1, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany
E-mail: guesten@hlmd.de

The antlion fauna was investigated by black-lighting in late spring and late summer at two sites in southern Tunisia, representing pre-Saharan acacia savanna and dwarf shrub semi-desert of the Sahara, respectively. The species compositions recorded differed very markedly between sites and seasons, with few species encountered in both habitats or in both collecting periods. Diversity was distinctly lower at the semi-desert site, where only 21 species, but a high number of individuals, were caught, with a strong dominance of one species each in the two seasons. At the acacia savanna location, 26 species were found, a few of which may, however, be associated with adjoining biotopes of oasis vegetation, ravines and hillside grassland. The species assemblage of the savanna is compared to a previous, similarly rich sample from the same region. Some taxonomic and faunistic remarks are given regarding the species collected.

Myrmeleontidae, North Africa, habitat preferences, phenology, systematics

Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 48 (Suppl. 2), pp. 121–140, 2002

PATTERNS IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF AFROTROPICAL CHRYSOPIDAE

Hölzel, H.* and P. Ohm<@134>

*Eppersdorf 1, A-9371 Brückl, Austria; E-mail: herbert.hoelzel@aon.at
Westring 337, D-24118 Kiel, Germany

Africa south of the Sahara has a comparatively rich fauna of Chrysopidae. Approximately 180 species in 26 genera have so far been recorded from the Afrotropical Region. The distribution of animals and plants on the continent is defined by the extensive area of lowland rainforest that covers West and Central Africa along the equator. This practically forms a barrier that divides the continent into two different savannah areas. Other important biomes are the isolated montane forests of East and Southeast Africa and three large arid areas: The Sudanese, the Somali and the Southwest arid zones include several important centres for insect distribution.
About 100 species of the family occur in South and East Africa of which more than 40 have only been found in South Africa; 37 species and subspecies are probably endemic to the Madagascan subregion. The chrysopid fauna of the arid and semiarid parts of West Africa is rather poor, while the probably rich fauna of the West African rainforest and the West African savannahs is scarcely known.

Chrysopidae, Afrotropical Region, distribution, biogeography

Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 48 (Suppl. 2), pp. 141–147, 2002

MUSCULATURE OF MALE GENITALIA OF ANTLIONS (NEUROPTERA, MYRMELEONTIDAE):
FIRST RESULTS OF STUDY

V. A. Krivokhatsky

Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences
Universitetskaya nab.,1, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia
E-mail: myz@zin.ru

The male genitalia of species of antlions studied [Myrmecaelurus trigrammus (Pall.), Creoleon plumbeus (Ol.)] consist of evident morpho-functional structures: pregenital, ejaculatory and copulatory complexes. The latter can be divided into the aedeagal and proctal subcomplexes. Sclerites and muscles of each complex are described.

antlions, male genitalia, musculature

Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 48 (Suppl. 2), pp. 141–147, 2002

MUSCULATURE OF MALE GENITALIA OF ANTLIONS (NEUROPTERA, MYRMELEONTIDAE):
FIRST RESULTS OF STUDY

V. A. Krivokhatsky

Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences
Universitetskaya nab.,1, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia
E-mail: myz@zin.ru

The male genitalia of species of antlions studied [Myrmecaelurus trigrammus (Pall.), Creoleon plumbeus (Ol.)] consist of evident morpho-functional structures: pregenital, ejaculatory and copulatory complexes. The latter can be divided into the aedeagal and proctal subcomplexes. Sclerites and muscles of each complex are described.

antlions, male genitalia, musculature

Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 48 (Suppl. 2), pp. 149–154, 2002

NEUROPTERIDA OF THE ABRUZZO NATIONAL PARK, ITALY

Letardi, A. and E. Migliaccio*

ENEA, C. R. Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, S.P. 046, I-00060 S. Maria di Galeria
Rome, Italy; E-mail: aletardi@casaccia.enea.it
*Apennine Centre for Ecological Research, Abruzzo National Park
I-67032 Pescasseroli, L´Aquila, Italy

A preliminary check list of Neuropterida of Abruzzo National Park, Italy, is presented. About 49 taxa of Megaloptera, Raphidioptera, and Neuroptera were detected within the Park and in the surrounding areas, although the identity of 13 of these requires confirmation. The material was collected during occasional research between 1997 and 1999. A review of publications with distributional data is included.

Abruzzo National Park, Megaloptera, Raphidioptera, Neuroptera, Italy

Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 48 (Suppl. 2), pp. 155–158, 2002

A WEB PAGE ON ITALIAN NEUROPTERIDA

A. Letardi

ENEA, C.R. Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, S.P. 046, I-00060 S. Maria di Galeria
Rome, Italy; E-mail: aletardi@casaccia.enea.it

For several reasons, very few researchers devoted their studies to Italian Neuropterida. One of these motives was difficulty in literature searches due to the lack of a review of many data scattered in obscure journals and publications. Internet tools can assist researchers to communicate and easily find and access information. This contribution introduces the present "state of the art" regarding a web catalogue of data pertaining to Italian Neuropterida.

Internet site, Neuropterida, Italy

Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 48 (Suppl. 2), pp. 159–163, 2002

REMARKS ON NEUROPTERA
OF NORTH-EASTERN SLOVENIA (GORI<@200>KO)

Lipov<@154>ek, S. and B. Mencinger

Department of Biology, University of Maribor, Koro<@154>ka 160, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
E-mail: sasa.lipovsek@uni-mb.si

The abundance of species of Neuroptera was studied in the traditional cultural landscape of Gori<@232>ko (NE Slovenia). The insects were collected during 1997, 1998 and 1999 at 12 different localities. The green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea sensu lato was the most dominant species in the region. This species was the only one found in cultivated fields in Gori<@232>ko district.

Neuroptera, Gori<@232>ko, Slovenia

Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 48 (Suppl. 2), pp. 165–173, 2002

MONITORING LACEWINGS (INSECTA: NEUROPTERA)
IN SOUTHERN AFRICA

M. W. Mansell

ARC – Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X134, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa
Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, 0002 South Africa
E-mail: vrehmwm@plant5.agric.za

A concerted research programme is being undertaken on southern African Neuroptera. This has been formally structured into five operational components or focal areas: a biodiversity audit, systematic revisions, study of larval biology and ecological requirements, distribution patterns and predictive modelling, and conservation status and protective measures. The programme is being undertaken in collaboration with local and international researchers, while amateur entomologists also make significant contributions.

Southern Africa, Neuroptera, ecology, biogeography, predictive modelling, conservation

Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 48 (Suppl. 2), pp. 175–184, 2002

SOUTHERN AFRICAN BIOMES AND THE EVOLUTION OF PALPARINI (INSECTA: NEUROPTERA: MYRMELEONTIDAE)

Mansell, M. W. and B. F. N. Erasmus*

ARC – Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X134, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa
E-mail: vrehmwm@plant5.agric.za
*Conservation Planning Unit, Department of Zoology & Entomology
University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa
E-mail: bfnerasmus@zoology.up.ac.za

Southern Africa harbours 42 of the 88 known species of Palparini (Insecta: Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Twenty-nine of the 42 species are endemic to the western parts of the subregion, including Namibia, Botswana, the Western, Northern and Eastern Cape, and North-West Provinces of South Africa. Geographical Information Systems analyses and climate change models have been used to reveal possible reasons for the high diversity and levels of endemism of Palparini in southern Africa. The analyses have indicated that climate, and the consequent rich variety of vegetation and soil types, have been the driving forces behind southern Africa being a major evolutionary centre for palparines and other Neuroptera.

Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae, Palparini, southern Africa, biomes, Geographical Information Systems

Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 48 (Suppl. 2), pp. 185–195, 2002

THE PALPARES RELATIONAL DATABASE:
AN INTEGRATED MODEL FOR LACEWING RESEARCH

Mansell, M. W. and B. Kenyon*

ARC – Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X134 Pretoria, 0001 South Africa
Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria
0002 Pretoria, South Africa; E-mail: vrehmwm@plant5.agric.za
Interactive Medical Information and Ordering Systems, 325 Rosemary Road
Menlo Park, 0081 South Africa; E-mail: healthpr@mweb.co.za

The Palpares Relational Database has been designed for the Southern African Lacewing Monitoring Programme, to address the limitations of conventional databases and filing systems. The model has also been expanded to other collections and taxa. The application was developed in Microsoft Access<@174>, and comprises Tables, Forms, Queries and Reports that accumulate and integrate data on Specimens, Taxonomy, Localities, Literature, Institutions, Type data, and Collectors and Authors. The model provides synchronised access to comprehensive data across multiple platforms, for potential use in many applications and products. These include publications, geographical information systems analysis, faunal inventories, environmental impact assessments, compilation of catalogues, bibliographies, and data on Neuroptera as biological control agents, as well as being an invaluable resource for taxonomic research.

Relational database, specimen data, taxonomy, localities, bibliography, institutions

Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 48 (Suppl. 2), pp. 197–201, 2002

NEW RECORDS OF NEUROPTERA FROM IRAN

A. Mirmoayedi

Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran E-mail: amirmoayed@hotmail.com; amirmoayedi2001@yahoo.com

Seven provinces of Iran were surveyed for Neuroptera. Three species are newly listed for the fauna of Iran.

Neuroptera, Iran

Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 48 (Suppl. 2), pp. 203–208, 2002

ENZYMATIC POLYMORPHISM
IN CHRYSOPERLA CARNEA (STEPHENS) AND C. KOLTHOFFI (NAVáS) (NEUROPTERA : CHRYSOPIDAE)

Mouloud, M., Chu, N. T., Simo Santalla, P., Gillet, P. and D. Thierry

Département des Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre
IRFA-UCO, 3 place André Leroy, B.P. 808, 49008 Angers Cedex 01, France
E-mail: mmouloud@uco.fr

Isozymes can be used in order to study the importance of reproductive barriers between populations or species. The aim of this work is to study allozyme polymorphism in natural populations of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) and Chrysoperla kolthoffi (Navás) collected in the West of France. Two enzymatic systems were studied by starch gel electrophoresis: diaphorase (DIA) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH). For each enzymatic system, presumed loci were scored and genetic interpretation was proposed. The study of allozyme polymorphism at the DIA and IDH-2 loci provided evidence of marked genetic differences between Ch. carnea and Ch. kolthoffi.

lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea, C. kolthoffi, isozymes, electrophoresis

Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 48 (Suppl. 2), pp. 209–216, 2002

PROSPECTS FOR EXTENDING THE USE OF AUSTRALIAN LACEWINGS IN BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

T. R. New

Department of Zoology, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
E-mail: zootn@zoo.latrobe.edu.au

Very few Australian lacewings have been utilised in biological control programmes, despite the need to manage an enormous variety of arthropod pests on a wide range of crops. Only two species (Micromus tasmaniae Walker, Mallada signatus (Schneider)) have attracted wide attention. The reasons for this focus are discussed, and the biology and abundance of Australian Hemerobiidae and Chrysopidae reviewed as a basis for discovering further opportunities to manipulate native lacewing species for pest management. These opportunities are explored in the context of (1) the undesirability of introducing further exotic natural enemies to Australia and the consequent need to enhance use of native taxa, and (2) the characteristics of a "good predator´ for pest management.

pest management, natural enemies, predators, Neuroptera, Hemerobiidae, Chrysopidae

Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 48 (Suppl. 2), pp. 217–227, 2002

NEUROPTERA OF WALLACEA: A TRANSITIONAL FAUNA BETWEEN MAJOR GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS

T. R. New

Department of Zoology, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
E-mail: zootn@zoo.latrobe.edu.au

The central regions of Malesia, Wallacea, are the meeting place of the biota of two major geographical regions: Australia and the Oriental Region. Knowledge of the lacewings of Wallacea is reviewed, as an aid to assessing this faunal overlap and to understanding the origins and affinities of the Australian fauna. The constitution of the Malesian fauna of about 420 described species in 12 families is outlined, and the interacting faunas are tentatively appraised and defined.

zoogeography, Australasia, Oriental region, Malesia, lacewings

Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 48 (Suppl. 2), pp. 229–252, 2002

ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS
IN CHRYSOPIDAE OF THE MADAGASCAN SUBREGION (INSECTA: NEUROPTERA)

Ohm, P. <@134> and H. Hölzel*

Westring 337, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
*Eppersdorf 1, A-9371 Brückl, Austria; E-mail: herbert.hoelzel@aon.at

Fifty four species and subspecies of Chrysopidae have been recorded from the Madagascan subregion. Thirty seven are probably endemic to the subregion, seventeen are more widely distributed: nine occur throughout sub-Saharan Africa,six have only been found in Eastern Africa, while two species occur throughout the continent and extend eastwards as far as the Pacific region. Two of the endemic species, Dichochrysa duplicata and Glenochrysa insularis are represented in the subregion by three subspecies each.
The origin of most of the endemic species seems to be Africa south of the Sahara. Only two Plesiochrysa species from the Seychelles belong to the "oceanica-group" of Plesiochrysa, that is not known from Africa but from the Oriental region.
In addition to the distance from the continent of Africa, Madagascar, and the varying sizes and altitudes of the islands, the varying number of known species from different islands is due to the disparate amounts of work done on them. The Seychelles, Mauritius, La Réunion, Mayotte, and Grande Comore where visited several times, Moheli and Rodriguez for a few days only, while we only know of older reports from Madagascar and Anjouan.

Chrysopidae, Madagascan region, distribution, biogeography

Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 48 (Suppl. 2), pp. 253–264, 2002

WHAT IS THE REAL NAME OF THE ITALIAN ASCALAPHID?

Pantaleoni, R. A. and A. Letardi*

Department of Plant Protection, Entomological Section, University of Sassari
via Enrico De Nicola, I-07100 Sassari, Italy; E-mail: r.pantaleoni@ss.cnr.it
*ENEA, C.R. Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, S.P. 046, I-00060 S. Maria di Galeria
Rome, Italy; E-mail: aletardi@casaccia.enea.it

An endemic species of Ascalaphidae living exclusively in the Italian peninsula has been named for over a century Libelloides italicus Fabricius (1781). This is the case of a long-term, established, nomenclatorial situation which has apparently caused no problems. Unfortunately, Fabricius´ type does not correspond to the Italian ascalaphid. Thus an old dispute has been re-opened and so the chronology concerning it are discussed.
In conclusion, Ascalaphus italicus Fabricius, 1781 is a junior synonym of Libelloides coccajus ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) (syn. n.) and a senior synonym of Ascalaphus meridionalis de Charpentier, 1825. There are two possible names for the Italian ascalaphid: Libelloides latinus (Lefebvre, 1842) (comb. n.), that is its valid name, and Ascalaphus petagnae Costa, 1855 which is its junior synonym.

@PETIT = Key words : Ascalaphidae, Italy, nomenclature

Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 48 (Suppl. 2), pp. 265–269, 2002

RECENT ADDITIONS TO THE GREEN LACEWING FAUNA OF ROMANIA (NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE)

M. Paulian

Institutul de Cercet<@227>ri pentru Protec<@254>ia Plantelor
Boulevardul Ion Ionescu dela Brad 8, RO-71592 Bucure<@186>ti, Romania
E-mail: paulian@adcon.ro

The fauna of Romania included 25 species of green lacewings. Eight more species were recently established. The localities where they were found are given.

Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, Romania, distribution

Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 48 (Suppl. 2), pp. 271–280, 2002

ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF NEUROPTERA
IN BULGARIA

A. Popov

National Museum of Natural History, Blvd Tsar Osvoboditel 1, BG-1000 Sofia, Bulgaria,
E-mail: nmnhnd@bgcict.acad.bg

The Bulgarian species of Neuroptera have been analysed according to origin, not on the basis of chorology. In Bulgaria, the more cold-loving of the Siberian elements inhabit the mountains only (Sympherobius fuscescens, Micromus paganus) and some ubiquists from the same category occur in the whole country (Chrysopa perla, Myrmeleon formicarius). Most of the Siberian–Mediterranean species have a broad ecological plasticity (Coniopteryx pygmaea, Chrysopa formosa). Only species with a typical Holarctic distribution in North America, but not Siberian and Holomediterranean elements that are probably casually introduced in the Nearctic, are interpreted as Siberian–Nearctic. The Central European and the Central European– Mediterranean species are rare components in the Bulgarian fauna. Holomediterranean elements are about twice as numerous as the Pontomediterranean ones. The expansive Holomediterranean species prevail considerably over the stationary ones. Among the Pontomediterranean elements both groups are equally represented in the fauna of Bulgaria. They have a Balkan (Dilar turcicus, Nedroledon anatolicus) or an Anatolian (Isoscelipteron fulvum, Hemerobius zernyi) origin. The species of southern origin (the Mediterranean elements) comprise 52% of the Bulgarian fauna of Neuroptera and predominate slightly over the species of northern origin (originated from the Central European and from the Siberian centres).

Neuroptera, Bulgaria, zoogeography, arboreal, oreotundral, eremial

Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 48 (Suppl. 2), pp. 281–291, 2002

NEUROPTERIDA OF NORTHERN EUROPE

A. Popov

National Museum of Natural History, Blvd Tsar Osvoboditel 1, BG-1000 Sofia, Bulgaria,
E-mail: nmnhnd@bgcict.acad.bg

The collections of Neuropterida (Megaloptera, Raphidioptera and Neuroptera) from Northern Europe in the museums in Denmark, Sweden and Finland were revised or identified. Many species are established for the first time in some provinces. Chrysopa commata, Chrysopa formosa, Peyerimhoffina gracilis and Nineta pallida are added to the species hitherto known in the area. So far, 82 species are known from Northern Europe. Of the individual national faunas that of Sweden has the most complete subset, 76 species, due to the presence of the tundral fauna in Lappmark (Sialis sibirica) and the thermophilous fauna in the southern provinces Sk<@229>ne and Sm<@229>land (Osmylus fulvicephalus) and the islands of Öland and Gotland (Aleuropteryx loewii). The territory of Denmark is not a part of the coniferous forest zone but belongs to the deciduous forest zone. Expectedly, some species, absent in Scandinavia, occur in Denmark (Sialis nigripes, Helicoconis hirtinervis, Hypochrysa elegans), while other species, typical for the taiga, do not occur here (Sialis sordida, Raphidia ophiopsis, Hemerobius simulans, Wesmaelius mortoni). Norway and Finland have a reduced Swedish fauna. Chrysopa dasyptera from Finland is the only species in the two countries which does not occur in Sweden.

Neuroptera, Megaloptera, Raphidioptera, Northern Europe, distribution, zoogeography

Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 48 (Suppl. 2), pp. 293–299, 2002

AUTECOLOGY AND BIOLOGY OF NEMOPTERA SINUATA OLIVIER (NEUROPTERA: NEMOPTERIDAE)

A. Popov

National Museum of Natural History, Blvd Tsar Osvoboditel 1, BG-1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
E-mail: nmnhnd@bgcict.acad.bg

Specimens of Nemoptera sinuata were reared from eggs to second instar larvae in captivity, and observations on imagos were carried out in the Struma Valley, Bulgaria. The adults occur in open sunny places in river gorges and feed only on pollen. They are most active at noon between the middle of May and the end of June. The males occur one week earlier than the females. The eggs are laid directly on the ground, most often in the morning. They are spherical (rare among Neuroptera), white, opaque, with one micropyle. Up to 70 eggs are laid by a female over a period of 10 days. The egg stage usually lasts from 23 to 25 days. The lid is cut off by an eggbreaker during hatching. The newly hatched larvae are 2.0–2.1 mm long, are terricolous and always buried themselves by digging to 1 cm in depth. The larvae rejected living or freshly killed arthropods, or roots and blossoms of plants. They were only observed to take water and vegetable sap. The longest surviving larva moulted in September (first instar lasts 72 days) and hibernated. It increased in length to 5 mm and died in April after being reared for nine months.

Nemoptera sinuata, imaginal ethology, feeding, oviposition, egg, hatching, larva

Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 48 (Suppl. 2), pp. 301–310, 2002

POPULATION DYNAMICS AND SEASONAL OCCURRENCE OF ADULTS OF CHRYSOPERLA EXTERNA (HAGEN, 1861) (NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE) IN A CITRUS ORCHARD IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL

Souza, B. and C. F. Carvalho

Depto de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras
C.P. 37, 37200–000 Lavras MG, Brasil
E-mail: brgsouza@ufla.br; cfc@ufla.br

Studies of the population dynamics of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861) adults were carried out in in Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil, in a citrus orchard, with the influence of precipitation, relative humidity and maximum, minimum and average temperatures on its population density being evaluated. Sampling was made weekly with an entomological net on 20 citrus trees in an area of ca. 2 ha, between 13:00 and 17:00 h, from May 1992 to April 1996. Annual sampling records for adults collected were 853, 629, 575 and 313, respectively, with a decreasing population trend during the period, mainly in the fourth year of study. An increase in the number of adults collected was observed from May to September, with peaks of 687 (80.5%), 344 (54.7%), 328 (57.0%) and 107 (34.2%) in September of 1992, 1993, 1994 and 1995, respectively. A remarkable decrease in the number of insects collected was observed in the months after September, with no insects or only few ones collected from November to March, December to February being the most critical period. There was an increase in the number of adults with the decrease in precipitation, relative humidity and temperature, with minimum and average temperature influencing the most.

Chrysoperla, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, citrus, weather factors, seasonal occurrence

Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 48 (Suppl. 2), pp. 311–328, 2002

SEASONAL FLIGHT PATTERNS OF ANTLIONS (NEUROPTERA, MYRMELEONTIDAE) MONITORED BY THE HUNGARIAN LIGHT TRAP NETWORK

Szentkirályi, F. and L. Kazinczy

Department of Zoology, Plant Protection Institute of Hungarian Academy of Sciences
H-1525, Budapest, P.O. Box 102, Hungary; E-mail: h2404sze@ella.hu

Few investigations have been conducted which characterise seasonal flight patterns of antlions, because of their usual small population size, sporadic and local occurrence, and sampling difficulties. Night-active myrmeleontids are attracted to light sources, so light trapping can collect them. The authors have monitored the seasonal flight activity patterns of nine antlion species over more than 20 years using regular nightly operation of the 60 light traps of the Hungarian light trap network.
Generally, the seasonal activity of adult antlions lasted from early May to the end of September, and mass flight occurred in the period early June–late August. Time series analytical methods detected three characteristic species-groups with different seasonal flight-types. The three groups were: (a) earlier active "late spring-early summer" flying antlions (Megistopus flavicornis, Myrmeleon formicarius, Nohoveus punctulatus); (b) intermediate "early and mid-summer" flying antlions (Distoleon tetragrammicus, Myrmeleon inconspicuus, Myrmecaelurus trigrammus); (c) later "mid- and late summer" flying antlions (Creoleon plumbeus, Euroleon nostras, Acanthaclisis occitanica). Within groups the flight patterns were synchronised. One to four 10–day interval temporal separations were found between general activity patterns of groups. Further studies are needed to understand the ecological background to the differences between the seasonal flights of myrmeleontid species.

Myrmeleontidae, antlion adults, flight activity pattern, seasonality, temporal separation

Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 48 (Suppl. 2), pp. 329–340, 2002

LACEWINGS AND SNAKEFLIES
(NEUROPTERA, RAPHIDIOPTERA) AS PREY FOR BIRD NESTLINGS IN SLOVAKIAN FOREST HABITATS

Szentkirályi, F. and A. Kri<@154>tín

Department of Zoology, Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences
H-1525, Budapest, P.O.Box 102, Hungary; E-mail: h2404sze@ella.hu
*Institute of Forest Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences
SK-96053, Zvolen, <@138>túrova 2, Slovakia; E-mail: kristin@sav.savzv.sk

Songbirds in their breeding period are among the most important predators of neuropteroid insects. The second author has conducted a long-term study on diet of 40 species of songbirds in the nestling period (May–July) since 1978 in mountainous oak-hornbeam, beech-oak, and beech-coniferous forests in Central Slovakia. More than 60,000 food items were collected predominantly by the neck-ring method and to a lesser extent by pellet, stomach, and dropping content analysis. The proportion of Neuroptera and Raphidioptera in food of nestlings of 17 bird species ranged between 0.1–3.9% and 0.1–4.4%, respectively.
Among the 4 raphidiid, 7 chrysopid, and 5 hemerobiid species recorded in diets, the most abundant were Dichrostigma flavipes (adults), Nineta pallida (larvae), and Hemerobius micans (adults). The chrysopids were present with the greatest dominance (59%) in the food composition of foliage gleaners, while hemerobiids were captured in higher proportions (50%) by bark foragers. The raphidiids were collected mainly by the generalist Ficedula albicollis (61%), and by bark foragers (36%). In the diet composition of ground foragers only a low number of neuropteroids were present. The sampled birds caught the highest number of individuals from the three families of neuropteroids in the period between mid-May and early June.

Neuroptera, Raphidioptera, Chrysopidae, Hemerobiidae, Raphidiidae, songbirds, food of nestlings, foraging mode

Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 48 (Suppl. 2), pp. 341–349, 2002

CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE OF FEMALE
INTERNAL GENITALIA OF NEUROPTERA

Gy. Sziráki

Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum
H-1088 Budapest, Baross utca 13, Hungary; E-mail: sziraki@zoo.zoo.nhmus.hu

In continuing earlier research on female internal genitalia (FEIG) of Neuroptera, further examinations were carried out on some species of the families Coniopterygidae and Ascalaphidae. In the coniopterygid subgenus Metaconiopteryx Kis, 1968 the correct association of females with the corresponding males became possible as a result of the examination of FEIG of the type material of Coniopteryx (Metaconiopteryx) arcuata Kis, 1965. A comparison of male and female internal genitalia in this subgenus suggests that a lock and key mechanism was involves in the evolution of this group. As regards the family Ascalaphidae, four taxa, Ascalaphus sinister Walker, 1853, Bubopsis andromache firyuzae Sziráki, 2000 (Ascalaphinae), Idricerus sogdianus McLachlan, 1875 and Protidricerus elwesi (McLachlan, 1875) (Haplogleniinae) were investigated. In FEIG of these species no distinctive features were found for separation of the two ascalaphid subfamilies.

Ascalaphidae, Coniopterygidae, female internal genitalia, lock and key mechanism, male genitalia, Metaconiopteryx

Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 48 (Suppl. 2), pp. 351–357, 2002

SELECTIVE ATTRACTIVITY OF ARTIFICIAL OVERWINTERING CHAMBERS FOR THE COMMON GREEN LACEWING SPECIES OF THE CHRYSOPERLA CARNEA (STEPHENS) COMPLEX IN WESTERN EUROPE (NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE)

Thierry, D., Rat-Morris, E. and C. Caldumbide

Institut National d´Horticulture, 2 rue Le N<@244>tre, 49045 Angers Cedex, France
E-mail: dominique.thierry@wanadoo.fr

The aim of this work is to test attractivity of different types of substrats in overwintering chambers for the common green lacewing species. Experiments were carried out in France near of Angers (48°28´N, 00°33´E) during winter 1999–2000. Sheets and rolls of corrugated cardboard, and staw were used as substrats.
Chambers were colonized by a large numbers of Chrysoperla kolthoffi (Navás). The number of lacewings was two times greater in straw than in corrugated cardboard. The suitability of staw was confirmed.
Only 5 Chrysoperla carnea s. s. (Stephens) were collected, This species seemed to overwinter in more ventilated cavities than our confined boxes. Only one Chrysoperla. lucasina (Lacroix) was found.
Our device can already be used to improve the number of overwintering Ch. kolthoffi near the crops. In order to develop overwintering chambers as a proper tool for studing overwintering guild structures further experiments are needed with Ch.carnea, Ch. lucasina or other species.

lacewing, Chrysoperla kolthoffi, biological control, overwintering chamber

Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 48 (Suppl. 2), pp. 359–369, 2002

PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF THE LACEWINGS (NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE, HEMEROBIIDAE) IN AGROECOSYTEMS IN NORTHERN FRANCE, WITH PHENOLOGICAL NOTES

TrouvÉ, C., Thierry, D. and M. Canard

Service Régional de la Protection des Végétaux, 81 rue Bernard Palissy
F-62750 Loos-en-Gohelle, France
E-mail: caroline.trouve@agriculture.gouv.fr
Université Catholique de l´Ouest, Département des Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre
44 rue Rabelais, F-49000 Angers, France
E-mail: dominique.thierry@wanadoo.fr
<^>3<^*>47 chemin Flou de Rious, F-31400 Toulouse, France
E-mail: michel.canard@wanadoo.fr

A survey of lacewings was undertaken in an agricultural zone of northern France. Adults were investigated in four cultures: strawberry, potato, witloof and kidney bean, and in apple orchards. A fixed suction trap gave an overview of the lacewing assemblage present. Yellow trap together with portable suction-device collections showed the hemerobiids and chrysopids currently harboured. Stalked eggs, larvae and cocoons of chrysopids were sampled in strawberry, potato, cabbage and carrot, and in apple-tree orchards. Rearing in the laboratory of all preimaginal instars of the green lacewings collected bore witness to the actual establishment of any species in the field.
Seven green lacewings species were identified, but the lacewing diversity is low. In all cases, the eurytopic generalist predator Chrysoperla kolthoffi was the dominant species. Adults flied from May (wintering generation) to autumn, showing a peak in July. The occurrence of preimaginal instars suggests three generations. Four brown lacewing species were recorded, among them Micromus variegatus was the most abundant. They flew mainly in July and August.

chrysopid, Chrysoperla kolthoffi, hemerobiid, pest predator, biological control, agroecosystem

Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 48 (Suppl. 2), pp. 371–387, 2002

RESOURCES IN SCOTTISH NEUROPTEROLOGY

A. E. Whittington

National Museums of Scotland, Chambers Street, Edinburgh
EH1 1JF, Scotland
E-mail: a.whittington@nms.ac.uk

The Neuroptera collections of the National Museums of Scotland are hitherto an unexplored resource. Some records based on specimens exist, scattered through the British literature in small reports and citations, amalgamated into mapping exercises or are part of short papers describing new species. It is the purpose of this paper to outline the content of the collections and associated data sources. Specimens, and labels directly associated with them, are the primary source of data. Most specimens are pinned in traditional entomological drawers. A smaller quantity of material exists in Industrial Methylated Spirits (70% IMS) with a much smaller quantity (a few species) in 70% Ethanol. The secondary, but no less important, source of information exists in a database called the Scottish Insect Records Index (SIRI). This is a paper database of the citations for published Scottish Insect records – a key link to the British literature. The Neuroptera Records from this index are now being electronically databased. From these data sources, we can establish how many specimens exist in which species and from what locations. Thus, informed answers to environmental and conservation questions can be supplied, and we can determine where further research is required.

@PETIT = Key words: Megaloptera, Neuroptera, Raphidioptera

Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 48 (Suppl. 2), pp. 401–407, 2002

POST-SYMPOSIUM NEUROPTEROLOGICAL EXCURSION IN HUNGARY, 10–15 AUGUST, 2000

Whittington, A. E. and M. W. Mansell

National Museums of Scotland, Chambers Street, EH1 1JF, Edinburgh, Scotland
E-mail: a.whittington@nms.ac.uk
Plant Protection Research Institute, Pretoria. Private Bag X134, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
E-mail: vrehmwm@plant5.agric.za